An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal

Walang Tayo: Narratives of People Experiencing Non-Labeled Romantic Relationship

Jhenica Elyssa A. Edeleon1, Hyacinth Mae S. Pasion2 and Christian James A. Castillanes3
1-3Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College, Poblacion Norte, Santiago, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
ISSN: 2961-3035 | Volume 6 | Issue 1 | June 2026

Abstract

Previous studies revealed limitations in understanding the perspectives of individuals experiencing non-labeled relationships, especially the teenagers. Hence, this study aims to address this gap. This study employed narrative research design, and criterion sampling was used in choosing the participants. The main data gathering tool used was an aide-mémoire. Twenty (20) teenager participants who are 15 to 18 years old from Santiago, Ilocos Sur participated in this study. The data were analyzed using the cool and warm analyses. The study found that non-labeled romantic relationships cause a mix of emotional fulfillment and instability. Likewise, teenagers experience genuine happiness, connection, and support that shows meaningful intimacy can exist amidst unclear labels. Moreover, even with positive relational qualities, the lack of clear definition and external pressures such as peers, family, and academics may lead to uncertainty, reduced stability, and bottling up emotions in teenage relationships. In addition, teenagers are motivated to stay even without side opinions because they believe that love would grow naturally in the right time. Finally, non-labeled romantic relationships provide emotional satisfaction; however, the participants’ lack of clarity often creates confusion. Nevertheless, the study underscores that relationship status is continuously evolving; this calls for studies to understand its colorful evolution.

Full Article

DOI: 10.56901/NHGX1935

References

Ambhore, N. S. (2024). The impact of digital communication on interpersonal relationships. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 4(4).  https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.4.4.7   

Baker, J. K., McNulty, J. K., & Overall, N. C. (2020). When does communication predict relationship satisfaction? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(6), 1443–1465.  https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000239 

Barredo, G. M. (2024 ) The Space in Between: A phenomenological study on Filipino adolescents’ perceptions of situationship as an emerging dating relationship. University of the Philippines Los Baños. 

Berger, C. R., & Calabrese, R. J. (1975). A theory of uncertainty reduction for initial interaction. Human Communication Research, 1(2), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1975.tb00258.x

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. Basic Books.

Braithwaite, S. R., Delevi, R., & Fincham, F. D. (2020). Uncertainty and commitment in romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519876543

Branson, M., & March, E. (2021). Attachment and jealousy in romantic relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110404.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110404  

Brown, B. B., & Larson, J. (2021). Peer relationships in adolescence. In R. M. Lerner, M. A. Easterbrooks, & J. Mistry (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Developmental psychology (6), 1–35. Wiley. 

Buss, D. M., Larsen, R. J., Westen, D., & Semmelroth, J. (1992). Sex differences in jealousy: Evolution, physiology, and psychology. Psychological Science, 3(4), 251–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00038.x

Cannas A. F., Blais, M., Séguin, L. J., & Côté, I. (2024). Romantic relationship configurations and their correlates among LGBTQ+ persons: A latent class analysis. PLOS ONE, 19(9), e0309954.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309954   

Cano, E., et al. (2023). A phenomenological study of Filipino medical technologists’ job satisfaction amidst COVID-19. Journal of Public Health and Emergency, 7.  https://doi.org/10.21037/jphe-22-104   

Collins, W. A., Welsh, D. P., & Furman, W. (2021). Adolescent romantic relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 72, 183–211.  https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-051112   

Colombo, C. C., Confalonieri, E., & Cuccì, G. (2024). The dimensions of uncertainty and ambiguity in adolescents and young adults’ romantic relationships: A systematic review. Ricerche di Psicologia.  https://doi.org/10.3280/rip2023oa18216  

Carpenter, A., & Greene, K. (2016). Social penetration theory. In C. R. Berger & M. E. Roloff (Eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic0160

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.

Daiton, M. & Aylor, B.  A relational uncertainty analysis of jealousy, trust, and maintenance in long‐distance versus geographically close relationships March 2001. Communication Quarterly. 49(2):172-188 https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370109385624

Debrot, A., Cook, W. L., Perrez, M., & Horn, A. B. (2021). Deeds matter: Daily enacted responsiveness and relationship well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 121(3), 561–584.  https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000348   

Deniega, C. F. D. (2024). Exploring the concept of situationship among Filipino adolescents (Undergraduate thesis). De La Salle University.

Erdmann, A., et al. (2023). Decision criteria for the ethically reflected choice of a member check method in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 1–11.  https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231177664   

Etcheverry, P. E., & Le, B. (2020). The influence of social network approval on romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 27(2), 301–320.  https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12328

Ford, B. Q., Lam, P., John, O. P., & Mauss, I. B. (2019). The psychological health benefits of emotional expression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116(6), 993–1008.  https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000153   

Freeman H, Simons J, Benson NF. Romantic Duration, Relationship Quality, and Attachment Insecurity among Dating Couples. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Jan 3;20(1):856. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20010856.

Furman, W., & Collibee, C. (2020). Adolescent romantic relationships and development. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 2, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-070620-033543

Gamarel, K. E., et al. (2023). A mixed-methods study of relationship stigma and well-being among sexual and gender minority couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships.  https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075231103623   

George, A. S. (2024). Escaping the situationship: Understanding and addressing modern relationship ambiguity among young adults. Partners Universal International Innovation Journal, 2(3), 35–56.  https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11298549   

Goodboy, A. K., Martin, M. M., & Goldman, Z. W. (2021). Students’ experiences of respect in romantic relationships. Communication Studies, 72(1), 1–17.  https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2020.1807990   

Gorla, L. (2024). Adolescents’ relationships with parents and romantic relationship quality. Ateneo de Manila University. 

Goldberg, S. et al., (2022). Online construction of romantic relationships on social media. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2022, Vol. 39(6) 1839-1862

Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0048577201393198. 

Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362.https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348

Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271

Hajahmadi, M., et al. (2023). Effects of uncertainty in interpersonal communication. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 9, 100235.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100235   

Ickes, W., & Hodges, S. D. (2019). Empathic accuracy in close relationships. In Handbook of interpersonal psychology. Routledge.  https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429461541   

Imai, T., et al. (2021). Relational uncertainty and psychological distress. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(9), 2586–2605.  https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211017655   

Joel, S., Eastwick, P. W., & Finkel, E. J. (2020). Why people stay in relationships. Psychological Science, 31(4), 408–423.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620923624   

Joel, S., MacDonald, G., & Plaks, J. E. (2020). Attachment insecurity and preferences for less-defined romantic relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(10), 1445–1460.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220907470   

Kane, H. S., et al. (2021). Perceived partner responsiveness and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120(2), 412–431.  https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000287   

Keyes, C. L. M. (2006). Mental health in adolescence: Is America's youth flourishing? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(3), 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.3.395

Kim, J., et al. (2020). Respect and relationship satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(8–9), 2477–2496.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520904669   

Knobloch, L. K. (2020). Relational uncertainty theory. Annals of the International Communication Association, 44(1), 1–18.  https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2020.1731868   

Knobloch, L. K., & Solomon, D. H. (2020). Relational uncertainty and communication in romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 27(2), 275–293.  https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12328   

Kuhn, R., et al. (2021). Communication and relationship stability. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(11), 3196–3215.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520940204   

Langlais, M. R., Guzman, P., Toohey, L., & Podberesky, A. (2025). Are situationships situational? Sexuality & Culture.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-025-10402-8   

Langlais, M. R., Podberesky, A., Toohey, L., & Lee, C. T. (2024). Defining and describing situationships: An exploratory investigation. Sexuality & Culture, 28(4).  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-024-10210-6   

Laurenceau, J. P., et al. (2020). Intimacy through self-disclosure. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(6), 1775–1795.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520906196   

Le, B., & Agnew, C. R. (2020). Commitment in relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(2), 285–301.  https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000213   

Lehmiller, J. J. (2020). The psychology of human sexuality (2nd ed.). Routledge.  https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315167770   

Lehmiller, J. J. (2020). Modern romantic relationships. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 121–135.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01521-1   

Louis, T. M., & Rangaswamy, R. (2024). Attitudes and perceptions towards situationships among young adults: A systematic review. International Journal of Science and Research, 13(11), 455–459.  https://doi.org/10.21275/SR241106161902   

Manalili, E. J., & Malcampo, M. C. (2025). A narrative exploration of romantic experiences and ideal relationship standards among Filipino Gen Z. International Review of Social Sciences Research, 5(2), 126–155.  https://doi.org/10.53378/irssr.353199

Mandal, P., & Reed, J. (n.d.). Assure vs. ensure: Meaning, difference & examples. Study.com.

Morey, J. N., et al. (2022). Supportive communication and relationship satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and Family, 84(3), 774–790.  https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12809   

Murray, S. L., et al. (2020). Partner affirmation and trust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(2), 317–340.  https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000207   

Ong, J. C., & Cabañero, E. (2021). Social media use and interpersonal relationship satisfaction among Filipino college students. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 54(2), 1–18.

Overall, N. C., & McNulty, J. K. (2019). What type of communication matters? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116(6), 975–992.  https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000160   

Overall, N. C., & Simpson, J. A. (2021). Attachment and emotional regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 39, 1–6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.002   

Parsakia, K., & Rostami, M. (2023). Digital intimacy. AI and Tech in Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1(1), 27–34.  https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.aitech.1.1.5  

Petronio, S., & Durham, W. T. (2008). Communication privacy management theory. In L. A. Baxter & D. O. Braithwaite (Eds.), Engaging theories in interpersonal communication: Multiple perspectives (pp. 309–322). Sage. 

Pietromonaco, P. R., & Beck, L. A. (2019). Adult attachment and physical health. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.04.004

Pietromonaco, P. R., & Beck, L. A. (2019). Attachment processes in relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 1–30.  https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102937   

Reis, H. T., & Clark, M. S. (2019). Responsiveness in relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 1–6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.07.012   

Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2021). The pre-engagement relationship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(5), 1543–1565.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407521993721   

Righetti, F., & Visserman, M. L. (2021). Respect in close relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 39, 38–43.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.10.003   

Rizzo, C. J., et al. (2019). Let’s get digital. Child Development Perspectives, 13(2), 104–109.  https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12320   

Rusbult, C. E., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2019). Interdependence, interaction, and relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 1–25.  https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103444

Schuler, M. S., Rice, C. E., Evans-Polce, R. J., & Collins, R. L. (2018). Discrimination and romantic relationship functioning among sexual minority young adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(1), 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.09.021

Seidenberg, R. (1961). The Concept of Lingering: A Cultural and Psychological Synthesis. Psychiatry, 24(3), 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1961.11023275

Sinclair, H. C., et al. (2022). Social influence on romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(4), 987–1005.  https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211017670   

Slatcher, R. B., & Selcuk, E. (2019). Social relationships and health. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 1–6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.07.008   

Spielmann, S. S., et al. (2019). On-again/off-again relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(5), 1457–1476.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518760518   

Sprecher, S., & Hendrick, S. S. (2004). Self-disclosure in intimate relationships. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(6), 857–877. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.6.857.54803

Stager, K. M., & Schrodt, P. (2023). Relational uncertainty and distress. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 40(2), 456–475.  https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075221123456   

Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93(2), 119–135.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119   

Sumter, S. R., et al. (2019). Love me Tinder. Telematics and Informatics, 38, 67–74.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.09.004   

Taylor, S. E. (2020). Social support: A review. In Oxford handbook of health psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195335442.013.018   

Vennum, A., & Fincham, F. D. (2021). Relationship instability and commitment development in emerging adults. Journal of Family Psychology, 35(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000789 

Vowels, L. M., et al. (2022). Relationship uncertainty and distress. Journal of Family Psychology, 36(5), 789–799.  https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000987   

Wei, L. (2023). Narrative inquiry. World Journal of Education, 13(6).  https://doi.org/10.5430/wje.v13n6p35   

Wen, Y. (2024). Love in the digital age. Highlights in Business, Economics and Management.  https://doi.org/10.54097/tw465p97   

Williamson, H. C., et al. (2022). Communication and relationship satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 36(4), 567–578.  https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000987   

Wolgemuth, J. R., & Agosto, V. (2019). Narrative research. In The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology.  https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeos1244